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Armand Hippolyte Louis Fizeau (September 23, 1819-1896), French physicist, was born in Paris. His earliest work was concerned with improvements in photographic processes; and then, in association with J. B. L. Foucault, he engaged in a series of investigations on the interference of light and heat. In 1848, he discovered the Doppler effect for electromagnetic waves. In 1849 he published the first results obtained by his method for determining the speed of light (see Fizeau-Foucault apparatus), and in 1850 with E. Gounelle measured the speed of electricity.